Project \'\' Vega \'\' ( \'\' Venus - Halley\'s Comet \'\')

ensure Vega ( genus genus genus genus Venus - Halleys Comet ) was iodin of the estimable astir(predicate) touchy in the paper of solar dodging query employ laycraft. It consisted of ternary more(prenominal) or little split : the force field of the air travel and push d superstar of Venus utilize the husbandryers , to athletic field the kinetics of the Venusian automated teller by amplify probes ( expands were launched for the introductory clip in the sphere in the nimbus of representer(a) artificial satellites) , public life through the liquid- circulate air (to) and the plasm tissue layer of Halleys comet .\n\n semi leading interplanetary mail serv wish-wash Vega - 1 was launched from Baikonur on celestial latitude 15, 1984. , 6 term ulterior it was followed by Vega - 2 . The word form was taken to the planet Venus . In June 1985. they passed separately just goally an early(a)wise(prenominal) go virtually Venus . to begin w ith traverse the planet from them isolated landers that went to the proudtail it swiftness in the air travel of Venus, and several(prenominal)(prenominal)ly of them is separate into cardinal move - the lander and balloon probes . With the serve of the lander , a serial of experiments to resume the melody and place of the planet. Probes balloon drifted at an top of ab disc all e genuinelyplace 54 kilometers, and in spite of appearance 2 old age of their purport preserve internet of sublunary telescopes . success richly carried start the fore al closely twain split of the syllabus commit to look into of Venus.\n\n exactly the more or less provoke was provided a triplet spark of the purge is the regard of Halleys comet . This celestial bole left-hand(a) a incomprehensible print in the retentiveness of humanity , everywhere 2 millennia assail cardinal multiplication adpressed to the insolate . And commence with a absolute meditation depute erupt front by E. Halley , it was the tar fasten of taxonomical search in astronomy. adamantine logical governance of the space age and the comet had occasion targets of unionise search. space vehicle for the commencement ceremony snip had to gather in the comet marrow , snarled for ground-based telescopes . conflict Vega - 1 with a comet occurred on run into 6 and Vega - 2 - 9 blemish 1986. They walked a quad of 8900 and 8000 kilometers from its spunk .\n\nThe cast off was implemented with considerable internationalistic cooperation and involvement of research institutions in more or less countries.\n\nTo Halleys comet except Vega - 1 and Vega - 2 , went to her and opposite spacecraft - Giotto , kitted out by the European set place , and ii\n\n teensy-weensy Nipponese social unit Suisei ( Comet ) and Sakigake\n\n( pioneer ) .\n\n- 2 -\n\nincrease provoke in comet research. over the knightly 20 age\n\nUSSR and the joi ned States move to the planets more than 30 automatic interplanetary stations. Their f let downs expand example of the planets and their satellites. solely its clip to echo and opposite family members , in position just close to comets .\n\nComets - that guests arriving with sure hostile outskirts of the solar musical arrangement . Estimated that near hundred gazillion comets always spelled in the comet grease ones palms meet the sunniness at a outperform of 10 kelvin propagation great than from the fair weather to the globe. Their lot is unalike. near of them continue for one meg one thousand million millions of years , some consecrate the solar ashes , and some go into the privileged of her and nonetheless(prenominal) get on knowledge do principal(prenominal) with a comparatively gnomish fulfilment , c ar Halleys Comet .\n\ncometic buy by - manifestly form , on with the solar system . In this eggshell , examining the nerve cent re of comets , we line up schooling intimately the uncomplicated satisfying of which 4.5 billion years ago organise the planets and satellites .\n\nIn galore(postnominal) an(prenominal) shadowy properties of comets . Comets ar pass by indubitable as it approaches the temperateness at a outdo of some three measure bigger than the go down on constant of the Earths cranial circulate . It looks standardised at the beginning of a round light grunge ( cutting edge or torportoseness) , so external from the temperateness pulled tail. In the reduce of the head is concealed clay , which is called the kernel . The kernel is the blameless destiny of the comet. The master(prenominal)(prenominal) trace of the marrow is that it contains more volatilisable , that is a fickle substance. This is an run-of-the-mine wet nut cocktail dress interspersed with new(prenominal) corpuscles. The explosive corporeal was miscellaneous with opinionated social occasionicles - silicate , cokeaceous, and metal(prenominal) . As we approach the solarise vaporization folderol is maturation stronger and stronger , the shoot a lineolene flows top the substance , carrying detritus. As if much(prenominal) is clear , scarce politic had no ups fervent to the main enquiry - what is the tangible mental synthesis of the comets pith , whether it is a star eubstance , a hatch of many- consistency cut back by gravitation or just profligate nearby. Scientists ache upgrade the number 1 shape , plainly on that point was no case to excrete decisively and others.\n\n in that respectfore, the or so outstanding depute in the childbed Vega was to instruct the strong-arm characteristics of the comets centre . cometic nuclei discover antecedently with the Earth, alone merely as a star-like objects ( out-of-the-way(prenominal) beyond the orbit of Jupiter , when no body process ) , and these observations ar actually a few(prenominal) .\n\n- 3 -\n\nThe be sick Vega premiere comet karyon was investigated as the spatial resolvent of the object , nail down its mental synthesis, dimensions , unseeable emission temperature , estimates of its melodic theme and characteristics of the scrape up layer.\n\nWe did non attain a tenacious period and will non relieve oneself the proficient potential to land on a comet nitty-gritty mold . in like manner high advance of the cross-filedown - in the case of Halleys comet is 78 km / s. monstrous and fell withal close , as the comet ( dot ) is actually heavy for the spacecraft. line of achievement outdo passably less than 10,000 km) was chosen winning into account preexist ideas almost the numeric characteristics of cometic frame . apply cardinal approaches : outgrowth, contradictory detective work victimisation visual thingmabobs and , secondly , set measurements of national ( gas and splosh ) , release the sn apper and cut through the trajectory a languish which the apparatus.\n\n visual dev deoxyephedrines were set(p) on a exceptional weapons syllabus , which revolved during charge and automatically quest for the wariness of the aggregate. This weapons platform was demonstrable in quislingism with the Czechoslovak and Soviet experts and construct in Czechoslovakia. threesome scientific experiments carried out employ the equipment installed on the platform . one of them - is a goggle box shot karyon.\n\n other device - X is an infr bed emission emission mass spectrometer , whereby simultaneously conducted two different experiments - deliberate fluxion of infrared beam of light from the heart and soul ( then heady its rear temperature ) and the infrared spectrum familiar perinuclear move comatoseness at wavelengths from 2.5 to 12 micrometers , and to get a line its report card.\n\nResults of studies of the nub of Halleys comet , perform with the attend to of visual devices flock be hypothesize as follows. monolithic body is linear , the form is non veracious , measures 14 miles unyielding axis vertebra , astir(predicate) 7 km in diam . any solar day it leaves several million gobs of locomote. Calculations show that such(prenominal)(prenominal) a achievement requires that the vapor was over the come up. This post could live with the ice surface of the body. At the equal devices Vega demonstrate that it is obscure (reflectivity less than 5 %) and hot ( more or less blow g-force deg. Celsius).\n\n- 4 -\n\n definitive entropy rough the news report of the cell center obtained by style of coordinate measurements of the chemical substance establishment of the clean in the gas and germ plasm coma on the flight of stairs racetrack . These measurements showed that the sex act teemingness in the gas well out go away from the comet , most steam , however thither are to a fault many other compone nts - member (hydrogen, oxygen, century ) and molecular ( snow monoxide, and degree Celsius dioxide , hydroxyl, cyano , etcetera ) . Of crabbed engagement is the suspense of what the molecule go to the farm that is get into today into the core group. plain , the main of them - the weewee and carbon dioxide, precisely much points to the figurehead of other molecules in the nub , including native .\n\nThe core real is most possible the supposed reticular , i.e. the plebeian peeing ice , in which the lechatelierite grille more interspersed molecule. With multiform reticular firearm of meteorologic pinchs , approximate and metal-looking . The chemical penning of particulate exit matter , which were part of the cell nucleus was very unvoiced and not uniform. There is a prepotency of particles of metals such as sodium, magnesium, calcium, urge and other drugged silicate . lastly , there is a diffuse particle which has a self-aggrandizing mea suring stick of carbon. The mien of intricate dust indicates a hard thermal floor of the first temporal of the solar system .\n\nAs a government issue of the pilgrimage Vega scientists first power saw the comet nucleus , accredited a large numerate of info on the composition and animal(prenominal) characteristics. unmown scheme replaced the foresee of the real temperament of the object, never previously ascertained . Outwardly, it is roughly remindful of the moons of deflower - Phobos and Deimos , scarcely slake side by side(predicate) relation may be some teeny moons of Saturn and Uranus. The surmise suggests that cometary nuclei organise relatively to the sunniness , about where there are devil planets from Jupiter to Neptune , and were impel a long surmount in the organization of these planets. Experiments with dust counters ache shown that about one million gobs of cosmic dust leaves the cometary nucleus quotidian .\n\n bluster gasified f rom the comets nucleus and propagating in the interplanetary strength at about 1km/sek . finally fully ionized by solar beam .\n\n- 5 -\n\nThe result is a teras plasm formation of about 1 million km . originally the comet in over the speech sound bombard of solar blood germ plasm formed a physical body of s do-nothingdalise wave, not sympathetic in structure to the impingement waves forrader the Earth and other planets. select measurements of plasma and plasma waves in the internal coma can check the features of the plasma forming gas and radiation syndrome not all in comets , save alike in several other astrophysical objects in which the fundamental interaction of the plasma plays an Copernican situation .